One-Year Outcomes among Members of a Dual-Recovery Self-Help Program.

Research Objective: Self-help is gaining increased acceptance among treatment professionals as empirical support for of its effectiveness is growing and the advent of managed care warrants the use of cost-effective modalities. Traditional “one disease-one recovery” self-help programs cannot serve adequately the needs of the dually-diagnosed.

This paper presents one-year outcome data from a longitudinal study of the effectiveness of self-help for the dually-diagnosed.

Subjects are members of Double Trouble in Recovery (DTR), a 12-step self-help program designed to meet the special needs of those diagnosed with both a mental health disorder and a chemical addiction.Study.

Design: The study uses a 12-month prospective longitudinal design with follow-ups at 12 and 24 months after baseline. Subjects (N = 310) were recruited at 25 DTR meeting sites throughout New York City. Semi-structured instruments assess history and current status of mental health and substance abuse, treatment in both areas, and self help participation (DTR as well as traditional 12-step groups such as AA and NA).

Population Studied: Community-based individuals dually-diagnosed with a mental health disorder and substance abuse.

Principal Findings: S’s are mostly members of underserved minority groups with long histories of substance abuse and mental health disorders.

Most S’s attend outpatient treatment (for drug use, mental health or dual-diagnosis – 77%) and take psychotropic medications (87%).

At the 12 months follow-up,

• 76% were still attending DTR;
• 68% were also attending AA or NA.

Mean number of symptoms S’s. experienced in the past year decreased significantly;

• two-thirds (69%) of S’s reported that their mental health was “better” in the past month than it was at baseline.
• One-third (29%) reported substance use in the past year, compared to 42% at baseline (p = .002).

Substance use (less) was significantly associated with DTR attendance:

• Total time abstinent was related to lifetime length of DTR attendance (r = .25, p = .002) and
• past year substance use was related to number of months of DTR attendance in the past year (r = -.17, p = .02).

Conclusions: For dually-diagnosed individuals, continued participation in dual recovery self-help groups plays a significant role in the recovery process, particularly in the area of substance use.

Implications for Policy, Delivery or Practice: Participation in dual-recovery self-help groups, both during and after formal treatment, should be encouraged as part of an integrated lifelong recovery plan for dually-diagnosed individuals.

Research; One-Year Outcomes among Members of a Dual-Recovery Self-Help Program. Laudet A, Magura S, Vogel H, Knight E, Staines G; Abstr Acad Health Serv Res Health Policy Meet. 2000; 17.

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Dual Diagnosis; Counseling the Mentally Ill Substance Abuser by Katie Evans, J. Michael Sullivan Read more about this title…

A NATURALISTIC COMPARISON OF OUTCOMES AT SOCIAL AND CLINICAL MODEL SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PROGRAMS.

Since the 1970s, much of the public treatment system in California has been based on a social model orientation to recovery for alcoholics, but there has been minimal research on program outcomes. This article reports on follow-up interviews conducted with a representative sample of 722 people who had entered treatment about a year earlier in public and private programs, including publicly-funded social model detoxification and residential programs, and clinical model programs in hospitals and HMO clinics.

higher levels of 12-step program involvement during follow-up, which strongly predicted an absence of alcohol problems

• Social model clients came to treatment with more severe legal and employment problems, whereas those seeking treatment at clinical programs reported more severe family problems.
• At follow-up, clients at both types of programs reported attending a similar number of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings, but social model clients reported going to more Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meetings and being involved in more AA activities.
• Social model clients were less likely than clinical model clients to report problems with alcohol or drugs at follow-up, but the odds of reporting other problems (e.g., medical, psychological, legal, family/social) were similar.

The program effect for better alcohol outcomes at the social model programs was partially explained by their clients’ higher levels of 12-step program involvement during follow-up, which strongly predicted an absence of alcohol problems.

• Social networks supportive of abstinence also were predictive of reporting no alcohol problems at follow-up.

In contrast, subsequent detoxification treatment events between baseline and follow-up were associated with a higher odds of reporting alcohol, drug, psychiatric and family/social problems at follow-up.

These findings are consistent with the growing body of literature reporting higher rates of abstinence among those who are able to construct more positive social networks, and who attend and become involved in 12-step programs during and following treatment.

It is important that these results be replicated, as they suggest that social model programs are successful in engaging their clients in AA activities and in NA meeting attendance, and could represent for some an effective alternative to clinical model treatment programs.

Research; LEE ANN KASKUTAS, LYNDSAY AMMON, CONSTANCE WEISNER. A NATURALISTIC COMPARISON OF OUTCOMES AT SOCIAL AND CLINICAL MODEL SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PROGRAMS. International Journal of Self Help and Self Care; Volume 2, Number 2 / 2003-2004, 111 – 133

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Attitudes and Beliefs About 12-Step Groups Among Addiction Treatment Clients and Clinicians: Toward Identifying Obstacles to Participation.

Abstract; Participation in 12-step groups during and after formal treatment has been associated with positive outcome among substance users. However, the effectiveness of 12-step groups may be limited by high attrition rates and by low participation, areas on which there has been little research.

Clinicians play an important role in fostering 12-step participation, and the insights which they develop in their practice can greatly contribute to informing the research process. Yet, little is known about clinicians’ attitudes about 12-step groups or about their experiences in referring clients.

This study surveyed clients (N = 101) and clinicians (N = 102) in outpatient treatment programs to examine 12-step-related attitudes and to identify potential obstacles to participation. Data collection was conducted between May 2001 and January 2002 in New York City.

Both client and clinician samples were primarily African-American and Hispanic; 32% of clients reported substance use in the previous month, with crack and marijuana cited most frequently as the primary drug problem. On average, clinicians had worked in the treatment field for 8 years.

Both staff and clients viewed 12-step groups as a helpful recovery resource.

Major obstacles to participation centered on motivation and readiness for change and on perceived need for help, rather than on aspects of the 12-step program often cited as points of resistance (e.g., religious aspect and emphasis on powerlessness).

Clinicians also frequently cited convenience and scheduling issues as possible obstacles to attending 12-step groups.

Clinical implications of these findings are discussed, including

• the importance of fostering motivation for change,
• the need to assess clients’ beliefs about and experiences with 12-step groups on a case-by-case basis, and to
• find a good fit between clients’ needs and inclinations on the one hand, and
• the tools and support available within 12-step groups on the other.

Research; Alexandre B. Laudet, Attitudes and Beliefs About 12-Step Groups Among Addiction Treatment Clients and Clinicians: Toward Identifying Obstacles to Participation, Substance Use & Misuse, Volume 38, Issue 14 December 2003, pages 2017 – 2047

AA Utilization After Introduction in Outpatient Treatment.

Abstract; Treatment for alcohol dependence is often provided in outpatient settings, and often includes introduction to the 12-Step fellowship Alcoholics Anonymous (AA).

Relatively little is known about subsequent AA utilization.

Analyses of survey data collected from 72 clients of an outpatient treatment center introduced to AA revealed that, 6 months following intake, a large portion of the responding sample of 55 were still attending AA meetings.

Principal components analysis of self-reports of the frequencies of 12 AA-related behaviors found three dimensions of AA utilization:

• fellowship or social involvement,
• meeting attendance and participation, and
• involvement in bureaucratic functioning and meeting production.

Results suggest it is important to consider these dimensions of utilization for those wishing to understand AA involvement.

Research; Lisa Thomassen. AA Utilization After Introduction in Outpatient Treatment. Substance Use & Misuse, Volume 37, Issue 2 February 2002 , pages 239 – 253

Brief Intervention as a Bridge to AA

Brief Intervention Is Insufficient for Medical Inpatients With Unhealthy Drinking

Data show that brief intervention reduces consumption and consequences among outpatients with unhealthy, but not dependent, alcohol use. To assess whether brief interventions work among medical inpatients with unhealthy drinking,* researchers randomized 341 of such patients to a 30-minute session of motivational counseling in the hospital or to usual care.

Most subjects had alcohol dependence, were unemployed during the previous 3 months, used other drugs, and had substantial psychiatric symptoms. Almost half were hospitalized for an alcohol-related medical diagnosis.

At 3 months among subjects with alcohol dependence, similar proportions of the intervention and control groups received alcohol assistance (e.g., specialty treatment) (49% and 44%, respectively).

At 12 months among all subjects, decreases in alcohol consumption did not significantly differ between the groups (e.g., adjusted mean decreases in drinks per day, 1.5 for intervention subjects and 3.1 for usual care subjects).

Comments:

Unlike most brief intervention studies in outpatients, this study enrolled a predominantly alcohol-dependent sample with major comorbidities—a group reflective of the treatment-resistant population identified when screening occurs in inpatient settings. The study suggests that screening, assessment, and brief counseling are necessary but not sufficient to change alcohol consumption in this population. Although the findings are disappointing, this study underscores that alcoholism—like cancer, atherosclerosis and other complex diseases—will not succumb to simple solutions.

References: Saitz R, Palfai TP, Cheng DM, et al. Brief intervention for medical inpatients with unhealthy alcohol use: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(3):167–176.

• Brief-TSF extends brief intervention to lifelong recovery.

If you continue to attend AA and not drop out you have nearly double chance of remaining abstinent.

Estimated Alcoholics Anonymous Membership 1991-1992

• New members during past year – 0.9 million
• On-going members – 1.5 million
• Total membership – 2.4 million

Continuation Rate in Alcoholics Anonymous

In 1991-1992 4.8 million respondents reported ever attending an Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meeting, for reasons related to their drinking, prior to the last 12 months and 31% reported continued AA attendance during the last 12 months.

Rate of continued AA attendance was associated with years since first AA meeting

• 1-4 years since first AA meeting – 36% remained
• 5-9 years since first AA meeting – 30% remained
• 10-19 years since first AA meeting – 29% remained
• 20 years or more since first AA meeting – 32% remained

Comparison of Past Year Drinking Status – Dropouts and Continuing AA Members

Dropouts:

• Abstinent 33%
• Low risk drinking 14%
• High risk drinking 53%

Continued AA attendance:

• Abstinent 62%
• Low risk drinking 9%
• High risk drinking 29%

1. low risk drinking = never exceed 4 drinks per day(male) or 3 drinks per day (female)
2. high risk drinking = exceeds 4 drinks per day (male) or 3 drinks per day (female)

Research Source: NIAAA 1991-1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES). Data Brief – National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES) Findings on Alcoholics Anonymous Membership by Loran Archer.

Thus, 36% remain attending A.A. at the end of one year and 32% are still attending at the end of 20 years.

Affiliation with Alcoholics Anonymous after treatment: A study of its therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action.

Relatively little is known about how substance abuse treatment facilitates positive outcomes.

This study examined the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action of affiliation with Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) after treatment. Patients (N = 100) in intensive 12-step substance abuse treatment were assessed during treatment and at 1- and 6-month follow-ups.

Results indicated that increased affiliation with AA predicted better outcomes.

The effects of AA affiliation were mediated by a set of common change factors.

Affiliation with AA after treatment was related to maintenance of self-efficacy and motivation, as well as to increased active coping efforts.

These processes, in turn, were significant predictors of outcome. Findings help to illustrate the value of embedding a test of explanatory models in an evaluation study.

Research; Morgenstern, Jon; Labouvie, Erich; McCrady, Barbara S; Kahler, Christopher W; Frey, Ronni M. Affiliation with Alcoholics Anonymous after treatment: A study of its therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. Vol 65(5), Oct 1997, 768-777.

A new report shows that people in recovery can help hospitalized alcoholics by encouraging them to quit drinking and enter counseling, Reuters reported June 11.

“A recovering alcoholic can help alcoholics who are still suffering from the disease, because the patients relate to them,” said Dr. Richard D. Blondell, an addiction-medicine specialist at the University of Louisville School of Medicine in Kentucky. “The patients credit the visitor as the main thing that motivated them.”

The study included 140 patients who were hospitalized for alcohol-related incidents. One group received standard medical care, a second group received medical care plus a 15-minute intervention by a trained addiction specialist, and the third group received medical care, intervention, and an in-depth talk with a recovering alcoholic.

Researchers found that 59 percent of those who met with recovering alcoholics abstained from drinking for six months after the incident, compared to 44 percent of those who received addiction counseling alone, and one-third of those who only received medical care.

In addition, half the patients who met with recovering alcoholics had entered some form of treatment, compared with only 15 percent of those who received medical treatment and counseling by an addiction specialist.

The study is published in the May issue of the Journal of Family Practice.

From; Jointogether

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Spirituality/religiosity promotes acceptance-based responding and 12-step involvement.

BACKGROUND: Previous investigations have observed that spirituality/religiosity (S/R) is associated with enhanced 12-step involvement. However, relatively few studies have attempted to examine the mechanisms for this effect. For the present investigation, we examined whether acceptance-based responding (ABR) – awareness or acknowledgement of internal experiences that allows one to consider and perform potentially adaptive responses – accounted for the effect of S/R on 12-step self-help group involvement 2 years after a treatment episode.

METHODS: Data were collected as part of a multi-site treatment outcome study with 3698 substance-dependent male veterans recruited at baseline. Assessments were conducted at baseline, discharge, 1-year follow-up, and 2-year follow-up. We utilized structural equation modeling to examine the relationships among latent variables of S/R, ABR, and 12-step involvement over time.

RESULTS: In the final model, S/R was not directly related to 12-step involvement at 2-year follow-up. However, S/R predicted enhanced ABR at 1-year follow-up after accounting for discharge levels of ABR. In turn, ABR at 1-year follow-up predicted increased 12-step involvement at 2-year follow-up after accounting for discharge levels of 12-step involvement.

CONCLUSIONS: S/R promotes the use of post-treatment self-regulation skills that, in turn, directly contribute to ongoing 12-step self-help group involvement.

Authors: Carrico AW, Gifford EV, Moos RH. Spirituality/religiosity promotes acceptance-based responding and 12-step involvement. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007 Jun 15;89(1):66-73

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Risk factors for non-remission among initially untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders

This study identified risk factors for 1-year and 8-year non-remission among initially untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders and examined whether a longer duration of professional treatment or Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) increased the likelihood of remission, moderated the influence of risk factors on remission status and reduced modifiable risk factors.

A sample of individuals with alcohol use disorders (N=473) was recruited at alcoholism information and referral centers and detoxification units and was surveyed at baseline and 1 year, 3 years and 8 years later. At each contact, participants completed an inventory that assessed their alcohol-related problems and personal characteristics and their participation in treatment and AA since the last assessment. An 11-item baseline risk index was associated with 1-year non-remission.

Longer duration of treatment and AA in the first year predicted remission and a decline in modifiable risk factors.

In addition, longer duration of AA increased the likelihood of remission more among high-risk than among low-risk individuals.

The risk factors at 1 year were associated with 8-year non-remission; longer duration of additional treatment or AA was associated with a higher likelihood of 8-year remission and further reductions in modifiable risk factors.

Referral counselors and treatment providers can identify high-risk individuals early in their help-seeking career and intervene to reduce the likelihood of a chronic course of their alcohol use disorder.

Research report; Moos, R.H.; Moos, B.S. Risk factors for non-remission among initially untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(4):555-563, 2003.