One-Year Outcomes among Members of a Dual-Recovery Self-Help Program.

Research Objective: Self-help is gaining increased acceptance among treatment professionals as empirical support for of its effectiveness is growing and the advent of managed care warrants the use of cost-effective modalities. Traditional “one disease-one recovery” self-help programs cannot serve adequately the needs of the dually-diagnosed.

This paper presents one-year outcome data from a longitudinal study of the effectiveness of self-help for the dually-diagnosed.

Subjects are members of Double Trouble in Recovery (DTR), a 12-step self-help program designed to meet the special needs of those diagnosed with both a mental health disorder and a chemical addiction.Study.

Design: The study uses a 12-month prospective longitudinal design with follow-ups at 12 and 24 months after baseline. Subjects (N = 310) were recruited at 25 DTR meeting sites throughout New York City. Semi-structured instruments assess history and current status of mental health and substance abuse, treatment in both areas, and self help participation (DTR as well as traditional 12-step groups such as AA and NA).

Population Studied: Community-based individuals dually-diagnosed with a mental health disorder and substance abuse.

Principal Findings: S’s are mostly members of underserved minority groups with long histories of substance abuse and mental health disorders.

Most S’s attend outpatient treatment (for drug use, mental health or dual-diagnosis – 77%) and take psychotropic medications (87%).

At the 12 months follow-up,

• 76% were still attending DTR;
• 68% were also attending AA or NA.

Mean number of symptoms S’s. experienced in the past year decreased significantly;

• two-thirds (69%) of S’s reported that their mental health was “better” in the past month than it was at baseline.
• One-third (29%) reported substance use in the past year, compared to 42% at baseline (p = .002).

Substance use (less) was significantly associated with DTR attendance:

• Total time abstinent was related to lifetime length of DTR attendance (r = .25, p = .002) and
• past year substance use was related to number of months of DTR attendance in the past year (r = -.17, p = .02).

Conclusions: For dually-diagnosed individuals, continued participation in dual recovery self-help groups plays a significant role in the recovery process, particularly in the area of substance use.

Implications for Policy, Delivery or Practice: Participation in dual-recovery self-help groups, both during and after formal treatment, should be encouraged as part of an integrated lifelong recovery plan for dually-diagnosed individuals.

Research; One-Year Outcomes among Members of a Dual-Recovery Self-Help Program. Laudet A, Magura S, Vogel H, Knight E, Staines G; Abstr Acad Health Serv Res Health Policy Meet. 2000; 17.

More at; Double Trouble in Recovery

See also;

• 12-Step Treatment More Effective than Alternative
• AA and Treatment Work Better Together
• Subscribe to Twelve Step Facilitation by e-Mail

Dual Diagnosis; Counseling the Mentally Ill Substance Abuser by Katie Evans, J. Michael Sullivan Read more about this title…

Depression in 6050 Former Drinkers; Association With Past Alcohol Dependence.

Background; The association between alcoholism and major depression in the general population has been explained as misdiagnosed alcohol intoxication and withdrawal effects mistaken for depressive syndromes.

To investigate whether this could account for the entire relationship, the association of past alcohol dependence with current major depression (ie, non-overlapping time frames) was investigated in individuals who no longer drink or who drink very little.

We conducted the study using data from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey, a representative sample.

Methods; Former drinkers who did not use drugs or smoke in the past year (n = 6050) were divided into those with and without past DSM-IV alcohol dependence. These 2 groups were compared for the presence of current (last 12 months) DSM-IV major depression. The association between prior alcohol dependence and current major depression was tested with linear logistic regression, controlling for other variables.

Prior alcohol dependence increased the risk of current major depressive disorder more than 4-fold.

Results; Prior alcohol dependence increased the risk of current major depressive disorder more than 4-fold. This relationship was not attenuated by control variables.

The majority of subjects with major depression last used substances 2 or more years prior to the interview, which eliminates acute intoxication or withdrawal effects as an explanation of their depressions.

Conclusions; The strong, specific association between prior alcohol dependence and current or recent major depression in a nationally representative sample of former drinkers indicates that the association is not entirely an artifact of misdiagnosed intoxication and withdrawal effects.

A better understanding of the nature of the relationship between the 2 disorders should be sought and will have important public health significance.

Research report; Deborah S. Hasin; Bridget F. Grant.Major Depression in 6050 Former Drinkers; Association With Past Alcohol Dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:794-800.

• Alcoholics Have Trouble Identifying Emotions
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Depressed Men Who Drink More Likely to Commit Suicide
• Depression & 12-Step Programs

Australian Broadcasting Commission, Online, AM, 11 January 2007, journalist Anne Barker

TONY EASTLEY: It’s proven that women who drink in pregnancy risk causing life-long health problems for their unborn children.

What isn’t so well known is that there’s growing evidence that foetal alcohol disorders, as they’re known, are a major cause of crime.

A Canadian lawyer is in Darwin this week talking to judges and barristers about the impact of foetal alcohol.

Anne Barker reports.

ANNE BARKER: It’s common knowledge that women who drink when they’re pregnant can cause permanent and serious brain damage to the unborn child.

But only now is a growing body of research revealing the scale of foetal alcohol disorders in the western world.

One man who has witnessed the consequences of alcohol induced delinquency over 20 years is Canadian barrister David Boulding.

DAVID BOULDING: Alcohol acts like nail polish remover on your nails. It dissolves brain cells. And when the brain cells are not there, the brain is missing brain function.

So you get kids who are impulsive, suggestive, no abstract thinking, memory problems, learning problems, attention problems.

ANNE BARKER: David Boulding believes one to two per cent of the population has some form of life-long disability caused even before they were born. And contrary to popular belief, he says they’re more likely to come from an affluent background.

DAVID BOULDING: Rich, white stockbrokers have wives who drink while they are pregnant.

The University of California just did a huge multi-year study and they found out that women that drink the most while they are pregnant are white, with four years of university education, earning 400 per cent above the poverty line.

ANNE BARKER: Wealthy or not, youngsters with foetal alcohol disorders, whether it’s learning problems or memory loss appear to account for a staggering proportion of delinquents.

In the only study of its kind in one Canadian province, one quarter of young offenders were found to have some form of permanent foetal alcohol syndrome.

David Boulding says there’s a clear connection to crime.

DAVID BOULDING: They really are missing that little voice. That superior, frontal lobe conscience part of the brain that knows right and wrong.

But also they are alone. They don’t have friends, they’ll do anything to please people. They will confess to murder, they’ll hold the gun, they’ll drive the get away car.

ANNE BARKER: David Boulding is in the Northern Territory this week as a guest of the Aboriginal justice agency NAAJA, which represents Indigenous offenders in court.

One NAAJA lawyer Stewart O’Connell says despite the clear impact of alcohol on crime in the NT, the prevalence of foetal alcohol syndrome is virtually unknown.

STEWART O’CONNELL: We are locking Aboriginal people up in jail at a greater rate than ever before. The sentences are getting longer, and it’s not working.

And we have to ask the question – why is it not working? And one of the reasons may be because of things such as foetal alcohol syndrome.

ANNE BARKER: And David Boulding says while nothing can ever reverse foetal alcohol disorders, a recognition of the problem would lead to more effective solutions than jail.

He says it’s already working in Canada.

DAVID BOULDING: Every probation officer, every judge, every lawyer has got stories where somebody took and interest in somebody and made sure, okay he’s not going to hang out with those guys any more, he’s not going to go there any more. I’m going to get him some kind of job maybe, even if it’s volunteer work, he’s going to have new friends.

And guess what? The crime stops.

TONY EASTLEY: Canadian barrister David Boulding talking to Anne Barker in Darwin.

Link to story: http://www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2007/s2136186.htm

On any given day in the United States, one million people are in treatment for alcoholism or drug addiction. It is not getting into treatment, however, that makes the difference. Instead, it is what a person gets out of treatment. The fact that many people do not find success in treatment on their first attempt is due in part to a lack of understanding about what makes effective treatment.

The ten effective elements of treatment are;

1. There is no treatment formula that will work for everyone.

2. Medically supervised withdrawal is only one step in addiction treatment; alone it will do little.

3. Length of treatment counts

4. Drug addiction is a multidimensional problem, and treatment needs to address all of an individual’s needs

5. Counseling (individual and/or group) is a critical part of effective addiction treatment.

6. Medications are an important part of treatment for many people.

7. Drug testing during treatment is important.

8. Alcoholics and addicts with mental health disorders should be treated for both at the same time.

9.Addiction Treatment works even for people who don’t choose it of their own free will.

10. Don’t give up.

As with other chronic illnesses, relapses can occur during or after successful treatment episodes. Addicted individuals may need lengthy treatment and more than one time in treatment before they can enjoy long-term abstinence and full restoration to a drug free life. The period after treatment is just as important as being in treatment. Finding support and continuous work to stay drug free will be necessary. A slip or relapse is just an indicator that more work, and possibly more treatment, is necessary. Don’t give up.

Full story at Recovery Today

See also;

• AA and Treatment Work Better Together
• AA Offers Recovery Not Religion
• If you have healthcare training this manual may help.

A NATURALISTIC COMPARISON OF OUTCOMES AT SOCIAL AND CLINICAL MODEL SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PROGRAMS.

Since the 1970s, much of the public treatment system in California has been based on a social model orientation to recovery for alcoholics, but there has been minimal research on program outcomes. This article reports on follow-up interviews conducted with a representative sample of 722 people who had entered treatment about a year earlier in public and private programs, including publicly-funded social model detoxification and residential programs, and clinical model programs in hospitals and HMO clinics.

higher levels of 12-step program involvement during follow-up, which strongly predicted an absence of alcohol problems

• Social model clients came to treatment with more severe legal and employment problems, whereas those seeking treatment at clinical programs reported more severe family problems.
• At follow-up, clients at both types of programs reported attending a similar number of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings, but social model clients reported going to more Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meetings and being involved in more AA activities.
• Social model clients were less likely than clinical model clients to report problems with alcohol or drugs at follow-up, but the odds of reporting other problems (e.g., medical, psychological, legal, family/social) were similar.

The program effect for better alcohol outcomes at the social model programs was partially explained by their clients’ higher levels of 12-step program involvement during follow-up, which strongly predicted an absence of alcohol problems.

• Social networks supportive of abstinence also were predictive of reporting no alcohol problems at follow-up.

In contrast, subsequent detoxification treatment events between baseline and follow-up were associated with a higher odds of reporting alcohol, drug, psychiatric and family/social problems at follow-up.

These findings are consistent with the growing body of literature reporting higher rates of abstinence among those who are able to construct more positive social networks, and who attend and become involved in 12-step programs during and following treatment.

It is important that these results be replicated, as they suggest that social model programs are successful in engaging their clients in AA activities and in NA meeting attendance, and could represent for some an effective alternative to clinical model treatment programs.

Research; LEE ANN KASKUTAS, LYNDSAY AMMON, CONSTANCE WEISNER. A NATURALISTIC COMPARISON OF OUTCOMES AT SOCIAL AND CLINICAL MODEL SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PROGRAMS. International Journal of Self Help and Self Care; Volume 2, Number 2 / 2003-2004, 111 – 133

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A healthy dentist is one of the most important ingredients in a successful dental practice. An ingredient not to be taken for granted. Professionals, dentists included, can and do experience illnesses and problems that can disrupt or impair a practice.

In addition to the vulnerabilities of the human condition–addictive disorders, psychiatric illnesses, infectious disease, family and relationship problems, or the many varieties of human misery–dentists have undergone a powerful process of socialization into their professional role that makes it difficult to seek help for themselves.

Stigma about addictive and psychiatric illnesses continues to be a problem despite significant advances in scientific understanding of these disorders.

Many people, especially those in positions of community visibility as dentists are, still struggle with shame when they associate problems with personal failure.

Dental societies are in an ideal position to provide resources and support, should they choose to take this opportunity, and the ADA has the information and expertise to help them do this.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Dentists can become more aware of their own vulnerabilities and enhance their personal and professional effectiveness, as well as evaluate ways they may support their staff and colleagues.

Research; J Am Dent Assoc. 2004 Jan;135(1):84-9. Safeguarding the health of dental professionals. Lavine SR, Drumm JW, Keating LK.

See also;

• Brief-TSF can assist people cease alcohol consumption.
• Twelve-Step Programs as an Adjunct to Psychotherapy and Psychopharmacology
• Subscribe to Twelve Step Facilitation by e-Mail

Natural Health, Natural Medicine: The Complete Guide to Wellness and Self-Care for Optimum Health by Andrew Weil Read more about this title…

AA Utilization After Introduction in Outpatient Treatment.

Abstract; Treatment for alcohol dependence is often provided in outpatient settings, and often includes introduction to the 12-Step fellowship Alcoholics Anonymous (AA).

Relatively little is known about subsequent AA utilization.

Analyses of survey data collected from 72 clients of an outpatient treatment center introduced to AA revealed that, 6 months following intake, a large portion of the responding sample of 55 were still attending AA meetings.

Principal components analysis of self-reports of the frequencies of 12 AA-related behaviors found three dimensions of AA utilization:

• fellowship or social involvement,
• meeting attendance and participation, and
• involvement in bureaucratic functioning and meeting production.

Results suggest it is important to consider these dimensions of utilization for those wishing to understand AA involvement.

Research; Lisa Thomassen. AA Utilization After Introduction in Outpatient Treatment. Substance Use & Misuse, Volume 37, Issue 2 February 2002 , pages 239 – 253

Brief Intervention as a Bridge to AA

Brief Intervention Is Insufficient for Medical Inpatients With Unhealthy Drinking

Data show that brief intervention reduces consumption and consequences among outpatients with unhealthy, but not dependent, alcohol use. To assess whether brief interventions work among medical inpatients with unhealthy drinking,* researchers randomized 341 of such patients to a 30-minute session of motivational counseling in the hospital or to usual care.

Most subjects had alcohol dependence, were unemployed during the previous 3 months, used other drugs, and had substantial psychiatric symptoms. Almost half were hospitalized for an alcohol-related medical diagnosis.

At 3 months among subjects with alcohol dependence, similar proportions of the intervention and control groups received alcohol assistance (e.g., specialty treatment) (49% and 44%, respectively).

At 12 months among all subjects, decreases in alcohol consumption did not significantly differ between the groups (e.g., adjusted mean decreases in drinks per day, 1.5 for intervention subjects and 3.1 for usual care subjects).

Comments:

Unlike most brief intervention studies in outpatients, this study enrolled a predominantly alcohol-dependent sample with major comorbidities—a group reflective of the treatment-resistant population identified when screening occurs in inpatient settings. The study suggests that screening, assessment, and brief counseling are necessary but not sufficient to change alcohol consumption in this population. Although the findings are disappointing, this study underscores that alcoholism—like cancer, atherosclerosis and other complex diseases—will not succumb to simple solutions.

References: Saitz R, Palfai TP, Cheng DM, et al. Brief intervention for medical inpatients with unhealthy alcohol use: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(3):167–176.

• Brief-TSF extends brief intervention to lifelong recovery.

Primary Care Clinicians Lack Comfort, Skills in Discussing Alcohol Use

Often, primary care clinicians inadequately address alcohol use with their patients.

To describe alcohol-related discussions in primary care, investigators audiotaped and performed qualitative analysis of outpatient visits involving 14 primary care clinicians (physicians and nurse practitioners) and 29 of their patients.

All patients were male veterans who screened positive for unhealthy alcohol use.*

Three themes emerged:

• Patients often disclosed that they consumed large amounts of alcohol and/or experienced negative health consequences from drinking.
• Clinicians commonly responded by changing the subject, minimizing the significance of their patients’ drinking, or pursuing a nonalcohol-related issue.
• Hesitation, stuttering, inappropriate laughter, and ambiguous statements were apparent when clinicians discussed alcohol but not other topics.
  Advice about drinking was tentative and vague while advice about smoking was more common, decisive, and specific.

Brief alcohol counseling — an evidence-based practice — has been poorly disseminated into primary care practice. This exploratory study suggests that clinicians’ discomfort and limited skills in assessing and advising patients with unhealthy alcohol use are partly to blame.

Although training alone is not sufficient to increase alcohol counseling, these findings indicate that educational initiatives to improve primary care clinicians’ comfort levels and skills are necessary, nonetheless.

Reprinted with permission from Alcohol and Health: Current Evidence.

Reference: McCormick KA, Cochran NE, Back AL, et al. (2006) How primary care providers talk to patients about alcohol: a qualitative study. J Gen Intern Med., 21(9): 966-972.

From Join Together Online

If you continue to attend AA and not drop out you have nearly double chance of remaining abstinent.

Estimated Alcoholics Anonymous Membership 1991-1992

• New members during past year – 0.9 million
• On-going members – 1.5 million
• Total membership – 2.4 million

Continuation Rate in Alcoholics Anonymous

In 1991-1992 4.8 million respondents reported ever attending an Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meeting, for reasons related to their drinking, prior to the last 12 months and 31% reported continued AA attendance during the last 12 months.

Rate of continued AA attendance was associated with years since first AA meeting

• 1-4 years since first AA meeting – 36% remained
• 5-9 years since first AA meeting – 30% remained
• 10-19 years since first AA meeting – 29% remained
• 20 years or more since first AA meeting – 32% remained

Comparison of Past Year Drinking Status – Dropouts and Continuing AA Members

Dropouts:

• Abstinent 33%
• Low risk drinking 14%
• High risk drinking 53%

Continued AA attendance:

• Abstinent 62%
• Low risk drinking 9%
• High risk drinking 29%

1. low risk drinking = never exceed 4 drinks per day(male) or 3 drinks per day (female)
2. high risk drinking = exceeds 4 drinks per day (male) or 3 drinks per day (female)

Research Source: NIAAA 1991-1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES). Data Brief – National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES) Findings on Alcoholics Anonymous Membership by Loran Archer.

Thus, 36% remain attending A.A. at the end of one year and 32% are still attending at the end of 20 years.